The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 124, Issue 6 , Pages 1235-1244.e58 , December 2009

Broad defects in epidermal cornification in atopic dermatitis identified through genomic analysis

  • Emma Guttman-Yassky, MD, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
    • Department of Dermatology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
    • These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • ,
  • Mayte Suárez-Fariñas, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
    • These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • ,
  • Andrea Chiricozzi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
    • Department of Dermatology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Kristine E. Nograles, MD

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
  • ,
  • Avner Shemer, MD

      Affiliations

    • Tel-Hashomer Hospital and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
  • ,
  • Judilyn Fuentes-Duculan, MD

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
  • ,
  • Irma Cardinale, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
  • ,
  • Peng Lin, BSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
  • ,
  • Reuven Bergman, MD

      Affiliations

    • Rambam Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
  • ,
  • Anne M. Bowcock, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
  • ,
  • James G. Krueger, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: James G. Krueger, MD, PhD, Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065.

Received 4 August 2009 ,Revised 15 September 2009 ,Accepted 17 September 2009.

References 

  1. Leung DY, Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2003;361:151–160
  2. Wilsmann-Theis D, Hagemann T, Jordan J, Bieber T, Novak N. Facing psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: are there more similarities or more differences?. Eur J Dermatol. 2008;18:172–180
  3. Guttman-Yassky E, Lowes MA, Fuentes-Duculan J, Whynot J, Novitskaya I, Cardinale I, et al. Major differences in inflammatory dendritic cells and their products distinguish atopic dermatitis from psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1210–1217
  4. de Jongh GJ, Zeeuwen PL, Kucharekova M, Pfundt R, van der Valk PG, Blokx W, et al. High expression levels of keratinocyte antimicrobial proteins in psoriasis compared with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:1163–1173
  5. Fartasch M, Ponec M. Improved barrier structure formation in air-exposed human keratinocyte culture systems. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:366–374
  6. Fartasch M. Epidermal barrier in disorders of the skin. Microsc Res Tech. 1997;38:361–372
  7. Elias PM, Hatano Y, Williams ML. Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-inside-outside pathogenic mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:1337–1343
  8. Nomura I, Gao B, Boguniewicz M, Darst MA, Travers JB, Leung DY. Distinct patterns of gene expression in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: a gene microarray analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:1195–1202
  9. Nomura I, Goleva E, Howell MD, Hamid QA, Ong PY, Hall CF, et al. Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J Immunol. 2003;171:3262–3269
  10. Guttman-Yassky E, Lowes MA, Fuentes-Duculan J, Zaba LC, Cardinale I, Nograles KE, et al. Low expression of the IL-23/Th17 pathway in atopic dermatitis compared to psoriasis. J Immunol. 2008;181:7420–7427
  11. Boniface K, Bernard FX, Garcia M, Gurney AL, Lecron JC, Morel F. IL-22 inhibits epidermal differentiation and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes. J Immunol. 2005;174:3695–3702
  12. Nograles KE, Zaba LC, Guttman-Yassky E, Fuentes-Duculan J, Suarez-Farinas M, Cardinale I, et al. Th17 cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1092–1102
  13. Ma HL, Liang S, Li J, Napierata L, Brown T, Benoit S, et al. IL-22 is required for Th17 cell-mediated pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:597–607
  14. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2006;38:441–446
  15. O'Regan GM, Sandilands A, McLean WH, Irvine AD. Filaggrin in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:689–693
  16. McGrath JA, Uitto J. The filaggrin story: novel insights into skin-barrier function and disease. Trends Mol Med. 2008;14:20–27
  17. Sandilands A, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Hull PR, O'Regan GM, Clayton TH, Watson RM, et al. Comprehensive analysis of the gene encoding filaggrin uncovers prevalent and rare mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema. Nat Genet. 2007;39:650–654
  18. Lee JH, Lee SJ, Kim D, Bang D. The effect of wet-wrap dressing on epidermal barrier in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:1360–1368
  19. Elias PM. Barrier repair trumps immunology in the pathogenesis and therapy of atopic dermatitis. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2008;5:e33–e38
  20. Proksch E, Jensen JM, Elias PM. Skin lipids and epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 2003;21:134–144
  21. de Cid R, Riveira-Munoz E, Zeeuwen PL, Robarge J, Liao W, Dannhauser EN, et al. Deletion of the late cornified envelope LCE3B and LCE3C genes as a susceptibility factor for psoriasis. Nat Genet. 2009;41:211–215
  22. Scharschmidt TC, Segre JA. Modeling atopic dermatitis with increasingly complex mouse models. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1061–1064
  23. Zheng T, Zhu Z. Lessons from murine models of atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005;5:291–297
  24. Gudjonsson JE, Johnston A, Dyson M, Valdimarsson H, Elder JT. Mouse models of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:1292–1308
  25. Zenz R, Eferl R, Kenner L, Florin L, Hummerich L, Mehic D, et al. Psoriasis-like skin disease and arthritis caused by inducible epidermal deletion of Jun proteins. Nature. 2005;437:369–375
  26. He R, Oyoshi MK, Jin H, Geha RS. Epicutaneous antigen exposure induces a Th17 response that drives airway inflammation after inhalation challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:15817–15822
  27. Kess D, Lindqvist AK, Peters T, Wang H, Zamek J, Nischt R, et al. Identification of susceptibility loci for skin disease in a murine psoriasis model. J Immunol. 2006;177:4612–4619
  28. Zhou X, Krueger JG, Kao MC, Lee E, Du F, Menter A, et al. Novel mechanisms of T-cell and dendritic cell activation revealed by profiling of psoriasis on the 63,100-element oligonucleotide array. Physiol Genomics. 2003;13:69–78
  29. Yao Y, Richman L, Morehouse C, de los Reyes M, Higgs BW, Boutrin A, et al. Type I interferon: potential therapeutic target for psoriasis?. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2737
  30. Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeira-Martin SM, Feingold KR, Elias PM. The aged epidermal permeability barrier: structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2281–2290
  31. Hou SY, Mitra AK, White SH, Menon GK, Ghadially R, Elias PM. Membrane structures in normal and essential fatty acid-deficient stratum corneum: characterization by ruthenium tetroxide staining and x-ray diffraction. J Invest Dermatol. 1991;96:215–223
  32. McNutt NS, Crain WR. Quantitative electron microscopic comparison of lymphocyte nuclear contours in mycosis fungoides and in benign infiltrates in skin. Cancer. 1981;47:698–709
  33. Haider AS, Peters SB, Kaporis H, Cardinale I, Fei J, Ott J, et al. Genomic analysis defines a cancer-specific gene expression signature for human squamous cell carcinoma and distinguishes malignant hyperproliferation from benign hyperplasia. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:869–881
  34. Jackson B, Tilli CM, Hardman MJ, Avilion AA, MacLeod MC, Ashcroft GS, et al. Late cornified envelope family in differentiating epithelia—response to calcium and ultraviolet irradiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:1062–1070
  35. Suarez-Farinas M, Pellegrino M, Wittkowski KM, Magnasco MO. Harshlight: a “corrective make-up” program for microarray chips. BMC Bioinformatics. 2005;6:294
  36. Smyth GK. Linear models and empirical bayes methods for assessing differential expression in microarray experiments. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol. 2004;3:Article3
  37. Tibshirani R, Hastie T, Narasimhan B, Chu G. Diagnosis of multiple cancer types by shrunken centroids of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:6567–6572
  38. Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:15545–15550
  39. Ong PY, Leung DY. Immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2006;6:384–389
  40. Mansbridge JN, Knapp AM, Strefling AM. Evidence for an alternative pathway of keratinocyte maturation in psoriasis from an antigen found in psoriatic but not normal epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 1984;83:296–301
  41. Wenzel J, Peters B, Zahn S, Birth M, Hofmann K, Kusters D, et al. Gene expression profiling of lichen planus reflects CXCL9+-mediated inflammation and distinguishes this disease from atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:67–78
  42. Plager DA, Leontovich AA, Henke SA, Davis MD, McEvoy MT, Sciallis GF, et al. Early cutaneous gene transcription changes in adult atopic dermatitis and potential clinical implications. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16:28–36
  43. Sugiura H, Ebise H, Tazawa T, Tanaka K, Sugiura Y, Uehara M, et al. Large-scale DNA microarray analysis of atopic skin lesions shows overexpression of an epidermal differentiation gene cluster in the alternative pathway and lack of protective gene expression in the cornified envelope. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:146–149
  44. Sääf AM, Tengvall-Linder M, Chang HY, Adler AS, Wahlgren CF, Scheynius A, et al. Global expression profiling in atopic eczema reveals reciprocal expression of inflammatory and lipid genes. PLoS One. 2008;3:e4017
  45. Sa SM, Valdez PA, Wu J, Jung K, Zhong F, Hall L, et al. The effects of IL-20 subfamily cytokines on reconstituted human epidermis suggest potential roles in cutaneous innate defense and pathogenic adaptive immunity in psoriasis. J Immunol. 2007;178:2229–2240
  46. Nickoloff BJ, Bonish BK, Marble DJ, Schriedel KA, DiPietro LA, Gordon KB, et al. Lessons learned from psoriatic plaques concerning mechanisms of tissue repair, remodeling, and inflammation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2006;11:16–29
  47. Zaba LC, Cardinale I, Gilleaudeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Suarez-Farinas M, Fuentes-Duculan J, et al. Amelioration of epidermal hyperplasia by TNF inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses. J Exp Med. 2007;204:3183–3194
  48. Nograles KE, Zaba LC, Shemer A, Fuentes-Duculan J, Cardinale I, Kikuchi T, et al. IL-22-producing “T22” T cells account for upregulated IL-22 in atopic dermatitis despite reduced IL-17-producing TH17 T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:1244–1252
  49. Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM. The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol. 2008;17:1063–1072
  50. Madison KC. Barrier function of the skin: “la raison d'etre” of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:231–241
  51. Elias PM, Steinhoff M. “Outside-to-inside” (and now back to “outside”) pathogenic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1067–1070
  52. Nair RP, Stuart PE, Nistor I, Hiremagalore R, Chia NV, Jenisch S, et al. Sequence and haplotype analysis supports HLA-C as the psoriasis susceptibility 1 gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;78:827–851
  53. Bowcock AM, Cookson WO. The genetics of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and atopic dermatitis. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13 Spec No 1:R43–R55
  54. Capon F, Semprini S, Chimenti S, Fabrizi G, Zambruno G, Murgia S, et al. Fine mapping of the PSORS4 psoriasis susceptibility region on chromosome 1q21. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116:728–730
  55. Giardina E, Sinibaldi C, Chini L, Moschese V, Marulli G, Provini A, et al. Co-localization of susceptibility loci for psoriasis (PSORS4) and atopic dermatitis (ATOD2) on human chromosome 1q21. Hum Hered. 2006;61:229–236
  56. Giardina E, Capon F, De Rosa MC, Mango R, Zambruno G, Orecchia A, et al. Characterization of the loricrin (LOR) gene as a positional candidate for the PSORS4 psoriasis susceptibility locus. Ann Hum Genet. 2004;68:639–645
  57. Semprini S, Capon F, Tacconelli A, Giardina E, Orecchia A, Mingarelli R, et al. Evidence for differential S100 gene over-expression in psoriatic patients from genetically heterogeneous pedigrees. Hum Genet. 2002;111:310–313
  58. Semprini S, Capon F, Bovolenta S, Bruscia E, Pizzuti A, Fabrizi G, et al. Genomic structure, promoter characterisation and mutational analysis of the S100A7 gene: exclusion of a candidate for familial psoriasis susceptibility. Hum Genet. 1999;104:130–134
  59. Sun C, Mathur P, Dupuis J, Tizard R, Ticho B, Crowell T, et al. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins Pglyrp3 and Pglyrp4 are encoded from the epidermal differentiation complex and are candidate genes for the Psors4 locus on chromosome 1q21. Hum Genet. 2006;119:113–125
  60. Kim BE, Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD. Loricrin and involucrin expression is down-regulated by Th2 cytokines through STAT-6. Clin Immunol. 2008;126:332–337
  61. Howell MD, Fairchild HR, Kim BE, Bin L, Boguniewicz M, Redzic JS, et al. Th2 cytokines act on S100/A11 to downregulate keratinocyte differentiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:2248–2258
  62. Klechevsky E, Morita R, Liu M, Cao Y, Coquery S, Thompson-Snipes L, et al. Functional specializations of human epidermal Langerhans cells and CD14+ dermal dendritic cells. Immunity. 2008;29:497–510
  63. Fallon PG, Sasaki T, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Saunders SP, Mangan NE, et al. A homozygous frameshift mutation in the mouse Flg gene facilitates enhanced percutaneous allergen priming. Nat Genet. 2009;41:602–608
  64. Matsumoto M, Zhou Y, Matsuo S, Nakanishi H, Hirose K, Oura H, et al. Targeted deletion of the murine corneodesmosin gene delineates its essential role in skin and hair physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:6720–6724
  65. Haider AS, Duculan J, Whynot JA, Krueger JG. Increased JunB mRNA and protein expression in psoriasis vulgaris lesions. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:912–914

 Supported by grant number 5UL1RR024143-02 from the National Center for Research Resources, a component of the National Institutes of Health, and the National Institutes of Health Roadmap for Medical Research.

 Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: J. G. Krueger has received research support from Centocor, Amgen, and Wyeth. The rest of the authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.

PII: S0091-6749(09)01432-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.031

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 124, Issue 6 , Pages 1235-1244.e58 , December 2009