Volume 124, Issue 6, Pages 1354-1356.e9 (December 2009)

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Quoting a landmark paper on the beneficial effects of probiotics

published online 09 October 2009.

Article Outline

• References

• Reviewed Articles

• Copyright

To the Editor:

Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts should confer a health benefit on the host.”1 Intriguingly, the rapid expansion of commercially available products that contain probiotics is in sharp contrast with the lack of scientific evidence for their efficacy and working mechanism. Few well conducted trials have appeared in high-impact journals. Amongst these is an article by Kalliomaki et al,2 “Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomized control trial.” To date, this is the most quoted clinical trial on probiotics and atopic disease in peer-reviewed journals. Kalliomaki et al2 reported a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to pregnant women with a family history of atopic disease starting 2 to 4 weeks before delivery. After delivery, breast-feeding mothers ingested the probiotics, and bottle-fed children received the supplementation mixed with water by spoon for 6 months. The intervention resulted in a reduced incidence of atopic eczema at the age of 2 years but had no effect on allergic sensitization or respiratory allergic disease. We speculate that the high quotation numbers may reflect an apparent urge to establish probiotics as a useful prevention measure. We therefore determined the quality of scientific quotations of this landmark publication.

By November 1, 2008, this article had been quoted in 663 separate publications. We were able to retrieve and examine 458 articles in English (supplemental text of this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). All quotations were randomly collected in a database, blinding the assessors to authors, year of publication, and specific journal. Each quotation was assigned to a specific section of the article by Kalliomaki et al2 and assessed for accuracy by 2 researchers separately. Incorrect quotations were further subcategorized based on 4 model types of errors (misquotation of result or overinterpretation of data, secondary citing, no evidence for cited result, and specific misquotations of the materials and methods section). To establish a possible relation between the quality of a quotation and potential interfering factors, we separately obtained the year of publication, journal, 2006 journal impact factor, the number of quotations per publication, and type of publication. Of the 603 total quotations, 175 (29.0%) were incorrect (Fig 1). Thirty-four percent of the articles had at least 1 inaccurate quotation. The median impact factor between correct and incorrect quotations did not differ (correct, 3.4 [IQR, 3.1] vs incorrect, 2.7 [IQR, 3.1]; P =. 74). The annual number of publications citing the article was stable, and we did not find a change of error frequency in time (Table I). We anticipated lower error rates in certain paragraphs that would be less subject to interpretation. Surprisingly, quotations concerning the materials and methods section showed the highest number of misquotations, 47.5% of cases. We found lower error rates for the other sections, 28.2% for results and 18.9% for conclusion/hypotheses. We found significantly more misquotations in basic research manuscripts (37%), followed by reviews (30.9%), clinical trials (23.0%), and miscellaneous (21.1%; Table I).

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Fig 1. Total percentage of incorrect quotations of the landmark paper by Kalliomaki et al,2 Equi et al4 (antibiotic treament in cystic fibrosis), and Warner3 (asthma prevention) further subcategorized into the different model types of error.

Table I.

Quotation accuracy categorized by year and type of publication


	Clinical trial		Review		Basic research		Miscellaneous		Total percentage
Year	Correct	Incorrect	Correct	Incorrect	Correct	Incorrect	Correct	Incorrect	Correct	Incorrect
2001	4	1	2	2	0	0	0	1	60	40
2002	12	4	43	17	4	1	12	2	75	25
2003	13	2	25	12	8	6	3	0	71	29
2004	9	4	30	10	15	9	3	1	70	30
2005	19	8	30	12	12	3	3	1	73	27
2006	29	9	27	15	13	5	4	2	70	30
2007	30	11	7	8	12	7	5	1	67	33
2008	28	4	15	4	11	13	0	0	72	28
Total	144	43	179	80	75	44	30	8	71	29

A common error was the generalization that L rhamnosus GG exerts a preventive effect on allergic diseases other than atopic eczema. Notably, the study reports an effect only on eczema, whereas allergic disease or IgE levels remained unaffected. Also, statements that L rhamnosus GG supplementation affected fecal flora composition in this trial were incorrect. This specific error suggests a causative relationship between changes in the intestinal microbial composition and prevention of eczema. For comparison, we performed similar analyses on 2 additional articles, 1 on cetirizine treatment as asthma prevention,3 and the study by Equi et al4 on azithromycin (antibiotic) treatment in children with cystic fibrosis that was published in the same journal in the same period as the study by Kalliomaki et al.2 These articles were quoted 78 (60 articles)3 and 136 (86 articles)4 times, respectively, in articles written in English that we were able to retrieve. In these 2 studies, we established that 15% and 12.5% of the quotations were incorrect, compared with 29% for the article by Kalliomaki et al.2 Respectively, 20% and 16% of the articles had at least 1 inaccurate quotation, compared with the 34% of the article by Kalliomaki et al.2 When divided into the different subcategories of predefined errors, no significant differences were detected in the 2 comparator articles. We did not find any misquotations in the materials and methods of the article by Equi et al4 (Fig 1). These findings may indicate that the reason for the high rate of quotation errors concerning the study by Kalliomaki et al2 is related to the subject: probiotics.

Studies on the percentage of quotation errors in issues of a journal have been published before. de Lacey et al5 found a quotation error rate of 15%, with 12% being major (the potential of dramatically changing the reader's understanding of the original article). More recent work in the field of anatomy6 and head and neck surgery7 established similar figures of 19% and 17% for all inaccuracies and 18% and 11% for major errors. These number are similar to our results on the articles by Warner3 and Equi et al,4 but much lower than the misquotations of the article by Kalliomaki et al.2

Papers describing misquotations of a single article are rare. Recently, Porrino et al8 found an error rate of 41% in articles citing a commonly referenced hand surgery study, with 34% classified as major. These findings are comparable to our results on the article by Kalliomaki et al.2 They also reported more errors in review articles, which we were unable to detect. A study analyzing quotations of the results of a survey on HIV and primary care found 11% errors in quotations on the primary outcome.9 Porrino et al8 suggested that the original article is widely misunderstood, without knowing whether this is the by-product of authors referencing from articles other than the original.8 We cannot exclude that this is also the case for the article by Kalliomaki et al.2

We conclude that misquotation is a common problem in biomedical literature and that the high percentage of errors on the most quoted probiotic trial calls for more awareness of editors, referees and, above all, authors.

References

1. 1Guarner F, Schaafsma GJ. Probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;39:237–238. MEDLINE | CrossRef

2. 2Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1076–1079. Abstract | Full Text | Full-Text PDF (88 KB) | CrossRef

3. 3Warner JO. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in preventing the onset of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis: 18 months' treatment and 18 months' posttreatment follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:929–937. Abstract | Full Text | Full-Text PDF (258 KB) | CrossRef

4. 4Equi A, Balfour-Lynn IM, Bush A, Rosenthal M. Long term azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2002;360:978–984. Abstract | Full Text | Full-Text PDF (113 KB) | CrossRef

5. 5de Lacey G, Record C, Wade J. How accurate are quotations and references in medical journals?. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985;291:884–886. MEDLINE

6. 6Lukic IK, Lukic A, Gluncic V, Katavic V, Vucenik V, Marusic A. Citation and quotation accuracy in three anatomy journals. Clin Anat. 2004;17:534–539. MEDLINE | CrossRef

7. 7Fenton JE, Brazier H, De Souza A, Hughes JP, McShane DP. The accuracy of citation and quotation in otolaryngology/head and neck surgery journals. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2000;25:40–44. MEDLINE | CrossRef

8. 8Porrino JA, Tan V, Daluiski A. Misquotation of a commonly referenced hand surgery study. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2008;33:2–7. Abstract | Full Text | Full-Text PDF (138 KB)

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Reviewed Articles

1. 1Cabana MD, McKean M, Wong AR, Chao CW, Caughey AB. Examining the hygiene hypothesis: the trial of infant probiotic supplementation. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2007;21:23–28.

2. 2Gronlund MM, Gueimonde M, Laitinen K, Kociubinski G, Gronroos T, Salminen S, et al. Maternal breast-milk and intestinal bifidobacteria guide the compositional development of the Bifidobacterium microbiota in infants at risk of allergic disease. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2007;37:1764–1772.

3. 3Kawase M, He F, Kubota A, Harata G, Hiramatsu M. Orally administrated Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 and Lactobacillus GG alleviated nasal blockage of guinea pig with allergic rhinitis. Microbiology and Immunology. 2007;51:1109–1114.

4. 4Mah KW, Chin VIL, Wong WS, Lay C, Tannock GW, Shek LP, et al. Effect of a milk formula containing probiotics on the fecal microbiota of Asian infants at risk of atopic diseases. Pediatric Research. 2007;62:674–679.

5. 5Lara-Villoslada F, Olivares M, Sierra S, Rodriguez JM, Boza J, Xaus J. Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;98:S96–S100.

6. 6Tomita K, Nagura T, Okuhara Y, Nakajima-Adachi H, Shigematsu N, Aritsuka T, et al. Dietary melibiose regulates Th cell response and enhances the induction of oral tolerance. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2007;71:2774–2780.

7. 7Wakabayashi H, Nariai C, Takemura F, Nakao W, Fujiwara D. Dietary supplementation with lactic acid bacteria attenuates the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice in a strain-dependent manner. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2008;145:141–151.

8. 8Karadag B, Ege MJ, Scheynius A, Waser M, Schram-Bijkerk D, van Hage M, et al. Environmental determinants of atopic eczema phenotypes in relation to asthma and atopic sensitization. Allergy. 2007;62:1387–1393.

9. 9Gruber C, Wendt M, Sulser C, Lau S, Kulig M, Wahn U, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as treatment of atopic dermatitis in infancy. Allergy. 2007;62:1270–1276.

10. 10Van den Berg A, Van Zwol A, Moll HA, Fetter WPF, Van Elburg RM. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very low-birth-weight infants. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2007;161:1095–1101.

11. 11Kaplas N, Isolauri E, Lampi AM, Ojala T, Laitinen K. Dietary counseling and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy modify placental phospholipid fatty acids. Lipids. 2007;42:865–870.

12. 12Szajewska H. Probiotics and prebiotics. in pediatrics: where are we now?. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;49:231–244.

13. 13Kimoto-Nira H, Mizumachi K, Nomura M, Kobayashi M, Fujita Y, Okamoto T, et al. Lactococcus sp as potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Jarq-Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 2007;41:181–189.

14. 14Majkowska-Wojciechowska BM, Pelka J, Korzon L, Kozlowska A, Kaczala M, Jarzebska M, et al. Prevalence of allergy, patterns of allergic sensitization and allergy risk factors in rural and urban children. Allergy. 2007;62:1044–1050.

15. 15Prilassnig M, Wenisch C, Daxboeck F, Feierl G. Are probiotics detectable in human feces after oral uptake by healthy volunteers?. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2007;119:456–462.

16. 16Castellazzi AM, Valsecchi C, Montagna L, Malfa P, Ciprandi G, Avanzini MA, et al. In vitro activation of mononuclear cells by two probiotics: Lactobacillus paracasei I 1688, Lactobacillus salivarius I 1794, and their mixture (PSMIX). Immunological Investigations. 2007;36:413–421.

17. 17Niers LEM, Hoekstra MO, Timmerman HM, van Uden NO, de Graaft PMA, Smits HH, et al. Selection of probiotic bacteria for prevention of allergic diseases: immunomodutation of neonatal dendritic cells. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2007;149:344–352.

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30. 30Inoue R, Otsuka M, Nishio A, Ushida K. Primary administration of Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 in weaning period suppresses the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines and CD86 gene expressions in skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2007;50:67–76.

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38. 38Feleszko W, Jaworska J, Rha RD, Steinhausen S, Avagyan A, Jaudszus A, et al. Probiotic-induced suppression of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation is associated with an increase of T regulatory-dependent mechanisms in a murine model of asthma. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2007;37:498–505.

39. 39Danov Z, Guilbert TW. Prevention of asthma in childhood. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2007;7:174–179.

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41. 41Forsythe P, Inman MD, Bienenstock J. Oral treatment with live Lactobacillus reuteri inhibits the allergic airway response in mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2007;175:561–569.

42. 42Manriquez JJ, Villouta MF, Williams HC. Evidence-based dermatology: Number needed to treat and its relation to other risk measures. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2007;56:664–671.

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44. 44Blumer N, Sel S, Virna S, Patrascan CC, Zimmermann S, Herz U, et al. Perinatal maternal application of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG suppresses allergic airway inflammation in mouse offspring. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2007;37:348–357.

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46. 46Stockert K, Schneider B, Porenta G, Rath R, Nissel H, Eichler I. Laser acupuncture and probiotics in school age children with asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of therapy guided by principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2007;18:160–166.

47. 47Arbes SJ, Sever ML, Vaughn B, Cohen EA, Zeldin DC. Oral pathogens and allergic disease: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2006;118:1169–1175.

48. 48Neu J. Gastrointestinal development and meeting the nutritional needs of premature infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;85:629S–634S.

49. 49Rautava S. Potential uses of probiotics in the neonate. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2007;12:45–53.

50. 50Lebeer S, De Keersmaecker SCJ, Verhoeven TLA, Fadda AA, Marchal K, Vanderleyden J. Functional analysis of luxS in the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reveals a central metabolic role important for growth and Biofilm formation. Journal of Bacteriology. 2007;189:860–871.

51. 51Piirainen T, Isolauri E, Lagstrom H, Laitinen K. Impact of dietary counselling on nutrient intake during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006;96:1095–1104.

52. 52Inoue R, Nishio A, Fukushima Y, Ushida K. Oral treatment with probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 (La1) for a specific part of the weaning period prevents the development of atopic dermatitis induced after maturation in model mice, NC/Nga. British Journal of Dermatology. 2007;156:499–509.

53. 53Taylor AL, Hale J, Hales BJ, Dunstan JA, Thomas WR, Prescott SL. FOXP3 mRNA expression at 6 months of age is higher in infants who develop atopic dermatitis, but is not affected by giving probiotics from birth. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2007;18:10–19.

54. 54Sjogren YM, Duchen K, Lindh F, Bjorksten B, Sverremark-Ekstrom E. Neutral oligosaccharides in colostrum in relation to maternal allergy and allergy development in children up to 18 months of age. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2007;18:20–26.

55. 55Morelli L, Garbagna N, Rizzello F, Zonenschain D, Grossi E. In vivo association to human colon of Lactobacillus paracasei B21060: Map from biopsies. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2006;38:894–898.

56. 56Taylor AL, Dunstan JA, Prescott SL. Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2007;119:184–191.

57. 57Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, Juntunen-Backman K, Korpela R, Poussa T, et al. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2007;119:192–198.

58. 58Sawada J, Morita H, Tanaka A, Salminen S, He F, Matsuda H. Ingestion of heat-treated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2007;37:296–303.

59. 59Kim LS, Hilli L, Orlowski J, Kupperman JL, Baral M, Waters RR. Efficacy of probiotics and nutrients in functional gastrointestinal disorders: A preliminary clinical trial. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2006;51:2134–2144.

60. 60Kawase M, He F, Kubota A, Hata JY, Kobayakawa SI, Hiramatsu M. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 and Lactobacillus GG on enhanced vascular permeability of nasal mucosa in experimental allergic rhinitis of rats. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2006;70:3025–3030.

61. 61Lundell AC, Adlerberth I, Lindberg E, Karlsson H, Ekberg S, Aberg N, et al. Increased levels of circulating soluble CD14 but not CD83 in infants are associated with early intestinal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2007;37:62–71.

62. 62Folster-Holst R, Muller F, Schnopp N, Abeck D, Kreiselmaier I, Lenz T, et al. Prospective, randomized controlled trial on Lactobacillus rhamnosus in infants with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. British Journal of Dermatology. 2006;155:1256–1261.

63. 63Donohue DC. Safety of probiotics. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;15:563–569.

64. 64Kirjavainen PV, Kalliomaki M, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E. Postnatal effects of obstetrical epidural anesthesia on allergic sensitization. Allergy. 2007;62:88–89.

65. 65Salminen S, Isolauri E. Intestinal colonization, microbiota, and probiotics. Journal of Pediatrics. 2006;149:S115–S120.

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a Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

b Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.

PII: S0091-6749(09)01156-7

doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.047

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