Predicting the long-term prognosis of children with symptoms suggestive of asthma at preschool age

Background

Clinicians have difficulty in diagnosing asthma in preschool children with suggestive symptoms.

Objective

We sought to develop a clinical asthma prediction score for preschool children who have asthma-like symptoms for the first time.

Methods

The Prevalence and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort followed 3,963 children for 8 years. Between 0 and 4 years of age, 2,171 (55%) children reported “wheezing,” “coughing at night without a cold,” or both. In these children possible predictor variables for asthma were assessed at the age respiratory symptoms were first reported. Asthma was defined as wheezing, inhaled steroid prescription, or a doctor's diagnosis of asthma at both age 7 and 8 years of age.

Results

Eleven percent of children with symptoms at 0 to 4 years of age had asthma at 7 to 8 years of age. Eight clinical parameters independently predicted asthma at 7 to 8 years of age: male sex, postterm delivery, parental education and inhaled medication, wheezing frequency, wheeze/dyspnea apart from colds, respiratory infections, and eczema. In 72% of the cases, the model accurately discriminated between asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. A clinical risk score was developed (range, 0-55 points). Symptomatic children with a score of less than 10 points had a 3% risk, whereas children with a score of 30 points or greater had a 42% risk of asthma.

Conclusion

A risk score based on 8 readily available clinical parameters at the time preschool children first reported asthma-like symptoms predicted the risk of asthma at 7 to 8 years of age.

Key words: Asthma, children, wheeze, cough, prognosis, prediction, longitudinal, birth cohort

Abbreviation used: PIAMA, Prevalence and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy