The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 123, Issue 5 , Pages 1098-1102 , May 2009

Evolution of patients with nonallergic rhinitis supports conversion to allergic rhinitis

Received 29 August 2008 ,Revised 10 February 2009 ,Accepted 12 February 2009.

References 

  1. Jessen M, Malm L. Definition, prevalence and development of nasal obstruction. Allergy. 1997;52(suppl):3–6
  2. Bachert C, Van Cauwenberge P, Olbrecht J, Von Schoor J. Prevalence, classification and perception of allergic and non allergic rhinitis in Belgium. Allergy. 2006;61:693–698
  3. Molgaard E, Thomsen SF, Lund T, Pedersen L, Nolte H, Backer V. Differences between allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a large sample of adolescents and adults. Allergy. 2007;62:1033–1037
  4. Settipane RA, Charnock DR. Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic. Clin Allergy Immunol. 2007;19:23–24
  5. Bousquet J, Fokkens W, Burney P, Durham SR, Bachert C, Akdis CA, et al. Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: non-allergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper. Allergy. 2008;63:842–853
  6. Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge PB, Khaltaev N ARIA Workshop Group. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma: ARIA workshop report. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(suppl):S147–S335
  7. Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig LM. Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics. 1994;94:895–901
  8. Vignola AM, Chanez P, Godard P, Bousquet J. Relationships between rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 1998;53:833–839
  9. Leynaert B, Bousquet J, Neukirch C, Liard R, Neukirch F. Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:301–304
  10. Grossman J. One airway, one disease. Chest. 1997;111(suppl):11S–16S
  11. Nash DB, Sullivan SD, Mackowiak J. Optimizing quality of care and cost effectiveness in treating allergic rhinitis in a managed care setting. Am J Manag Care. 2000;6(suppl):S3–S15
  12. Powe DG, Jagger C, Kleinjan A, Carney AS, Jenkins D, Jones NS. “Entopy”: localized mucosal allergic disease in the absence of systemic responses for atopy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1374–1379
  13. Rondón C, Doña I, López S, Campo P, Romero JJ, Torres MJ, et al. Seasonal idiopathic rhinitis with local inflammatory response and specific IgE in absence of systemic response. Allergy. 2008;63:1352–1358
  14. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63(suppl 86):8–160
  15. Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, Bachert C, Cohen N, Cobo R, et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2007. Rhinology. 2007;45(suppl 20):1–139
  16. American Thoracic Society . Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1107–1136
  17. Amin K, Rinne J, Haahtela T, Simola M, Peterson CG, Roomans GM, et al. Inflammatory cell and epithelial characteristics of perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis with a symptom history of 1 to 3 years' duration. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:249–257
  18. Berger G, Bernheim J, Ophir D. Epithelial shedding of the inferior turbinate in perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: a riddle to solve. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133:78–82
  19. Chanez P, Vignola AM, Vic P, Guddo F, Bonsignore G, Godard P, et al. Comparison between nasal and bronchial inflammation in asthmatic and control subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:588–595
  20. Braunstahl GJ, Fokkens WJ, Overbeek SE, KleinJan A, Hoogsteden HC, Prins JB. Mucosal and systemic inflammatory changes in allergic rhinitis and asthma: a comparison between upper and lower airways. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:579–587
  21. Rondón C, Romero JJ, López S, Antúnez C, Martín-Casañez E, Torres MJ, et al. Local IgE production and positive nasal provocation test in patients with persistent nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:899–905
  22. Carney AS, Powe DG, Huskinsson RS, Jones NS. Atypical nasal challenges in patients with idiopathic rhinitis: more evidence for the existence of allergy in the absence of atopy?. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:1436–1440
  23. Gerth van Wijk R, Dieges PH. Nasal reactivity to histamine and methacholine: two different forms of upper airway responsiveness. Rhinology. 1994;32:119–122
  24. Braat JP, Mulder PG, Fokkens WJ, van Wijk RG, Rijntjes E. Intranasal cold dry air is superior to histamine challenge in determining the presence and degree of nasal hyperreactivity in nonallergic non-infectious perennial rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1748–1755
  25. International Rhinitis Management Working Group. International Consensus Report on Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis. Allergy. 1994;49:1–34
  26. Castells M, Schwartz LB. Tryptase levels in nasal-lavage fluid as an indicator of the immediate allergic response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;82:348–355
  27. Naclerio RM, Proud D, Togias A, Adkinson NFJ, Meyers DA, Kagey-Sobotka A, et al. Inflammatory mediators in late antigen-induced rhinitis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:65–70
  28. Wierzbicki DA, Majmundar AR, Schull DE, Khan DA. Multiallergen nasal challenges in nonallergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:533–537
  29. Shatz M. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in the USA. Allergy. 2007;62(suppl 85):9–16
  30. Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Mullol J, Scadding GK, Virchow JC. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Allergy. 2007;62(suppl 85):17–25
  31. Broder I, Higgins MW, Mathews KP, Keller JB. Epidemiology of asthma and allergic rhinitis in a total community, Tecumseh, Michigan. J Clin Immunol. 1974;54:100–110
  32. Pedersen PA, Weeke ER. Allergic rhinitis in Danish general practice. Allergy. 1981;36:375–379
  33. Lindberg S, Malm L. Comparison of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis patients on the basis of a computer questionnaire. Allergy. 1993;48:602–607
  34. Bodtger U, Poulsen LK, Linneberg A. Rhinitis symptoms and IgE sensitization as risk factors for development of later allergic rhinitis in adults. Allergy. 2006;61:712–716
  35. Scadding GK. Further marches: allergic and non-allergic. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37:485–487
  36. Demoly P, Piette V, Bousquet J. In vivo methods for study of allergy. In:  Adkinson NF,  Yunginger JW,  Busse WW,  Bochner BS,  Holgate ST,  Simons FER editor. Middleton's allergy: principles and practice. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2003;p. 631–643
  37. Kam K-L, Hsieh K-H. Comparison of three in vitro assays for serum IgE with skin testing in asthmatic children. Ann Allergy. 1994;73:329–330

 Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.

PII: S0091-6749(09)00341-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.02.018

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 123, Issue 5 , Pages 1098-1102 , May 2009