The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 120, Issue 2 , Pages 247-254 , August 2007

TH17 cells in the big picture of immunology

Received 18 May 2007 ,Revised 25 June 2007 ,Accepted 29 June 2007.

References 

  1. Schmidt-Weber CB, Alexander SI, Henault LE, James L, Lichtman AH. IL-4 enhances IL-10 gene expression in murine Th2 cells in the absence of TCR engagement. J Immunol. 1999;162:238–244
  2. Sornasse T, Larenas PV, Davis KA, de Vries JE, Yssel H. Differentiation and stability of T helper 1 and 2 cells derived from naive human neonatal CD4+ T cells, analyzed at the single-cell level. J Exp Med. 1996;184:473–483
  3. Nakamura T, Kamogawa Y, Bottomly K, Flavell RA. Polarization of IL-4- and IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells following activation of naive CD4+ T cells. J Immunol. 1997;158:1085–1094
  4. Szabo SJ, Dighe AS, Gubler U, Murphy KM. Regulation of the interleukin (IL)-12R beta 2 subunit expression in developing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. J Exp Med. 1997;185:817–824
  5. Hwang ES, Szabo SJ, Schwartzberg PL, Glimcher LH. T helper cell fate specified by kinase-mediated interaction of T-bet with GATA-3. Science. 2005;307:430–433
  6. Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:911–920
  7. Dillon SR, Sprecher C, Hammond A, Bilsborough J, Rosenfeld-Franklin M, Presnell SR, et al. Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat Immunol. 2004;5:752–760
  8. Bilsborough J, Leung DY, Maurer M, Howell M, Boguniewicz M, Yao L, et al. IL-31 is associated with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-positive skin homing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:418–425
  9. Sonkoly E, Muller A, Lauerma AI, Pivarcsi A, Soto H, Kemeny L, et al. IL-31: a new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:411–417
  10. Karagiannidis C, Hense G, Martin C, Epstein M, Ruckert B, Mantel PY, et al. Activin A is an acute allergen-responsive cytokine and provides a link to TGF-beta-mediated airway remodeling in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:111–118
  11. Grewe M, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Schopf E, Thepen T, Langeveld-Wildschut AG, Ruzicka T, et al. A role for Th1 and Th2 cells in the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Today. 1998;19:359–361
  12. Akdis CA, Blaser K, Akdis M. Apoptosis in tissue inflammation and allergic disease. Curr Opin Immunol. 2004;16:717–723
  13. Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Whitters MJ, Young DA, Collins M, Grusby MJ. IL-21 induces the apoptosis of resting and activated primary B cells. J Immunol. 2003;170:4111–4118
  14. Harada M, Magara-Koyanagi K, Watarai H, Nagata Y, Ishii Y, Kojo S, et al. IL-21-induced Bepsilon cell apoptosis mediated by natural killer T cells suppresses IgE responses. J Exp Med. 2006;203:2929–2937
  15. Chattopadhyay S, Tracy E, Liang P, Robledo O, Rose-John S, Baumann H. Interleukin-31 and oncostatin-M mediate distinct signaling reactions and response patterns in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:3014–3026
  16. Perrigoue JG, Li J, Zaph C, Goldschmidt M, Scott P, de Sauvage FJ, et al. IL-31-IL-31R interactions negatively regulate type 2 inflammation in the lung. J Exp Med. 2007;204:481–487
  17. Schmidt-Weber CB, Blaser K. Regulation and role of transforming growth factor-beta in immune tolerance induction and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2004;16:709–716
  18. Clark RA, Kupper TS. IL-15 and dermal fibroblasts induce proliferation of natural regulatory T cells isolated from human skin. Blood. 2007;109:194–202
  19. Cederbom L, Hall H, Ivars F. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells down-regulate co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Eur J Immunol. 2000;30:1538–1543
  20. Fallarino F, Grohmann U, Hwang KW, Orabona C, Vacca C, Bianchi R, et al. Modulation of tryptophan catabolism by regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2003;4:1206–1212
  21. Misra N, Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Cutting edge: human CD4+CD25+ T cells restrain the maturation and antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2004;172:4676–4680
  22. Lewkowicz P, Lewkowicz N, Sasiak A, Tchorzewski H. Lipopolysaccharide-activated CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells inhibit neutrophil function and promote their apoptosis and death. J Immunol. 2006;177:7155–7163
  23. Barao I, Hanash AM, Hallett W, Welniak LA, Sun K, Redelman D, et al. Suppression of natural killer cell-mediated bone marrow cell rejection by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:5460–5465
  24. Fields ML, Hondowicz BD, Metzgar MH, Nish SA, Wharton GN, Picca CC, et al. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells inhibit the maturation but not the initiation of an autoantibody response. J Immunol. 2005;175:4255–4264
  25. Liu R, La Cava A, Bai XF, Jee Y, Price M, Campagnolo DI, et al. Cooperation of invariant NKT cells and CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells in the prevention of autoimmune myasthenia. J Immunol. 2005;175:7898–7904
  26. Huang CT, Workman CJ, Flies D, Pan X, Marson AL, Zhou G, et al. Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells. Immunity. 2004;21:503–513
  27. Macon-Lemaitre L, Triebel F. The negative regulatory function of the lymphocyte-activation gene-3 co-receptor (CD223) on human T cells. Immunology. 2005;115:170–178
  28. Chen Y, Thai P, Zhao YH, Ho YS, DeSouza MM, Wu R. Stimulation of airway mucin gene expression by interleukin (IL)-17 through IL-6 paracrine/autocrine loop. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:17036–17043
  29. Tang Q, Boden EK, Henriksen KJ, Bour-Jordan H, Bi M, Bluestone JA. Distinct roles of CTLA-4 and TGF-beta in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell function. Eur J Immunol. 2004;34:2996–3005
  30. Oida T, Xu L, Weiner HL, Kitani A, Strober W. TGF-beta-mediated suppression by CD4+CD25+ T cells is facilitated by CTLA-4 signaling. J Immunol. 2006;177:2331–2339
  31. Zhang XL, Topley N, Ito T, Phillips A. Interleukin-6 regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor compartmentalization and turnover enhances TGF-beta1 signaling. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:12239–12245
  32. Harrington LE, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Turner H, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, et al. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:1123–1132
  33. Park H, Li Z, Yang XO, Chang SH, Nurieva R, Wang YH, et al. A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:1133–1141
  34. Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature. 2006;441:231–234
  35. Chung Y, Yang X, Chang SH, Ma L, Tian Q, Dong C. Expression and regulation of IL-22 in the IL-17-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes. Cell Res. 2006;16:902–907
  36. Zheng Y, Danilenko DM, Valdez P, Kasman I, Eastham-Anderson J, Wu J, et al. Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature. 2007;445:648–651
  37. Rangachari M, Mauermann N, Marty RR, Dirnhofer S, Kurrer MO, Komnenovic V, et al. T-bet negatively regulates autoimmune myocarditis by suppressing local production of interleukin 17. J Exp Med. 2006;203:2009–2019
  38. Bush KA, Farmer KM, Walker JS, Kirkham BW. Reduction of joint inflammation and bone erosion in rat adjuvant arthritis by treatment with interleukin-17 receptor IgG1 Fc fusion protein. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:802–805
  39. Hellings PW, Kasran A, Liu Z, Vandekerckhove P, Wuyts A, Overbergh L, et al. Interleukin-17 orchestrates the granulocyte influx into airways after allergen inhalation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;28:42–50
  40. Sergejeva S, Ivanov S, Lotvall J, Linden A. Interleukin-17 as a recruitment and survival factor for airway macrophages in allergic airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2005;33:248–253
  41. Schnyder-Candrian S, Togbe D, Couillin I, Mercier I, Brombacher F, Quesniaux V, et al. Interleukin-17 is a negative regulator of established allergic asthma. J Exp Med. 2006;203:2715–2725
  42. Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 2006;441:235–238
  43. Akimzhanov AM, Yang XO, Dong C. Chromatin remodeling of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-IL-17F cytokine gene locus during inflammatory helper T cell differentiation. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:5969–5972
  44. Prause O, Bozinovski S, Anderson GP, Linden A. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration and activity after stimulation with interleukin-17 in mouse airways. Thorax. 2004;59:313–317
  45. Hashimoto T, Akiyama K, Kobayashi N, Mori A. Comparison of IL-17 production by helper T cells among atopic and nonatopic asthmatics and control subjects. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005;137(suppl 1):51–54
  46. Hoshino H, Laan M, Sjostrand M, Lotvall J, Skoogh BE, Linden A. Increased elastase and myeloperoxidase activity associated with neutrophil recruitment by IL-17 in airways in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:143–149
  47. Nakae S, Saijo S, Horai R, Sudo K, Mori S, Iwakura Y. IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:5986–5990
  48. Bullens DM, Truyen E, Coteur L, Dilissen E, Hellings PW, Dupont LJ, et al. IL-17 mRNA in sputum of asthmatic patients: linking T cell driven inflammation and granulocytic influx?. Respir Res. 2006;7:135
  49. Dragon S, Rahman MS, Yang J, Unruh H, Halayko AJ, Gounni AS. IL-17 enhances IL-1beta-mediated CXCL-8 release from human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292:L1023–L1029
  50. van den Berg A, Kuiper M, Snoek M, Timens W, Postma DS, Jansen HM, et al. Interleukin-17 induces hyperresponsive interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 production to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in structural lung cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2005;33:97–104
  51. Honorati MC, Cattini L, Facchini A. IL-17, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha stimulate VEGF production by dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2004;12:683–691
  52. Lubberts E, Joosten LA, van de Loo FA, van den Gersselaar LA, van den Berg WB. Reduction of interleukin-17-induced inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis in intact murine articular cartilage by interleukin-4. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1300–1306
  53. Akdis CA. Allergy and hypersensitivity: mechanisms of allergic disease. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006;18:718–726
  54. Kuperman DA, Huang X, Koth LL, Chang GH, Dolganov GM, Zhu Z, et al. Direct effects of interleukin-13 on epithelial cells cause airway hyperreactivity and mucus overproduction in asthma. Nat Med. 2002;8:885–889
  55. Lee CG, Homer RJ, Zhu Z, Lanone S, Wang X, Koteliansky V, et al. Interleukin-13 induces tissue fibrosis by selectively stimulating and activating transforming growth factor beta(1). J Exp Med. 2001;194:809–821
  56. Chabaud M, Garnero P, Dayer JM, Guerne PA, Fossiez F, Miossec P. Contribution of interleukin 17 to synovium matrix destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine. 2000;12:1092–1099
  57. Inatomi O, Andoh A, Yagi Y, Ogawa A, Hata K, Shiomi H, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 secretion from human pancreatic periacinar myofibroblasts in response to inflammatory mediators. Pancreas. 2007;34:126–132
  58. Szabo SJ, Kim ST, Costa GL, Zhang X, Fathman CG, Glimcher LH. A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment. Cell. 2000;100:655–669
  59. Yamashita M, Ukai-Tadenuma M, Miyamoto T, Sugaya K, Hosokawa H, Hasegawa A, et al. Essential role of GATA3 for the maintenance of type 2 helper T (Th2) cytokine production and chromatin remodeling at the Th2 cytokine gene loci. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:26983–26990
  60. Khattri R, Cox T, Yasayko SA, Ramsdell F. An essential role for Scurfin in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. Nat Immunol. 2003;4:337–342
  61. Ivanov , McKenzie BS, Zhou L, Tadokoro CE, Lepelley A, Lafaille JJ, et al. The orphan nuclear receptor RORgammat directs the differentiation program of proinflammatory IL-17+ T helper cells. Cell. 2006;126:1121–1133
  62. Ono M, Yaguchi H, Ohkura N, Kitabayashi I, Nagamura Y, Nomura T, et al. Foxp3 controls regulatory T-cell function by interacting with AML1/Runx1. Nature. 2007;446:685–689
  63. Komine O, Hayashi K, Natsume W, Watanabe T, Seki Y, Seki N, et al. The Runx1 transcription factor inhibits the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into the Th2 lineage by repressing GATA3 expression. J Exp Med. 2003;198:51–61
  64. Letimier FA, Passini N, Gasparian S, Bianchi E, Rogge L. Chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex and STAT4 activation synergistically induce IL-12Rbeta2 expression during human Th1 cell differentiation. EMBO J. 2007;26:1292–1302
  65. Ansel KM, Djuretic I, Tanasa B, Rao A. Regulation of Th2 differentiation and Il4 locus accessibility. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24:607–656
  66. Gorelik L, Fields PE, Flavell RA. Cutting edge: TGF-beta inhibits Th type 2 development through inhibition of GATA-3 expression. J Immunol. 2000;165:4773–4777
  67. Heath VL, Murphy EE, Crain C, Tomlinson MG, O'Garra A. TGF-beta1 down-regulates Th2 development and results in decreased IL-4- induced STAT6 activation and GATA-3 expression. Eur J Immunol. 2000;30:2639–2649
  68. Li MO, Wan YY, Flavell RA. T cell-produced transforming growth factor-beta1 controls T cell tolerance and regulates Th1- and Th17-cell differentiation. Immunity. 2007;26:579–591
  69. Kim HR, Cho ML, Kim KW, Juhn JY, Hwang SY, Yoon CH, et al. Up-regulation of IL-23p19 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by IL-17 through PI3-kinase-, NF-kappaB- and p38 MAPK-dependent signalling pathways. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:57–64
  70. Brugnoni D, Airo P, Rossi G, Bettinardi A, Simon HU, Garza L, et al. A case of hypereosinophilic syndrome is associated with the expansion of a CD3-CD4+ T-cell population able to secrete large amounts of interleukin-5. Blood. 1996;87:1416–1422
  71. Han S, Lu J, Zhang Y, Cheng C, Han L, Wang X, et al. Recruitment of histone deacetylase 4 by transcription factors represses interleukin-5 transcription. Biochem J. 2006;400:439–448
  72. Koshy PJ, Henderson N, Logan C, Life PF, Cawston TE, Rowan AD. Interleukin 17 induces cartilage collagen breakdown: novel synergistic effects in combination with proinflammatory cytokines. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:704–713
  73. Koenders MI, Kolls JK, Oppers-Walgreen B, van den Bersselaar L, Joosten LA, Schurr JR, et al. Interleukin-17 receptor deficiency results in impaired synovial expression of interleukin-1 and matrix metalloproteinases 3, 9, and 13 and prevents cartilage destruction during chronic reactivated streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:3239–3247
  74. Yao Z, Painter SL, Fanslow WC, Ulrich D, Macduff BM, Spriggs MK, et al. Human IL-17: a novel cytokine derived from T cells. J Immunol. 1995;155:5483–5486
  75. Kehlen A, Pachnio A, Thiele K, Langner J. Gene expression induced by interleukin-17 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: upregulation of hyaluronan-binding protein TSG-6. Arthritis Res Ther. 2003;5:R186–R192
  76. Cai XY, Gommoll CPJ, Justice L, Narula SK, Fine JS. Regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene expression by interleukin-17. Immunol Lett. 1998;62:51–58
  77. Faour WH, Mancini A, He QW, Di Battista JA. T-cell-derived interleukin-17 regulates the level and stability of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA through restricted activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade: role of distal sequences in the 3'-untranslated region of COX-2 mRNA. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:26897–26907
  78. Katz Y, Nadiv O, Rapoport MJ, Loos M. IL-17 regulates gene expression and protein synthesis of the complement system, C3 and factor B, in skin fibroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;120:22–29
  79. Rahman MS, Yang J, Shan LY, Unruh H, Yang X, Halayko AJ, et al. IL-17R activation of human airway smooth muscle cells induces CXCL-8 production via a transcriptional-dependent mechanism. Clin Immunol. 2005;115:268–276
  80. Jones CE, Chan K. Interleukin-17 stimulates the expression of interleukin-8, growth-related oncogene-alpha, and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor by human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;26:748–753
  81. Kao CY, Huang F, Chen Y, Thai P, Wachi S, Kim C, et al. Up-regulation of CC chemokine ligand 20 expression in human airway epithelium by IL-17 through a JAK-independent but MEK/NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathway. J Immunol. 2005;175:6676–6685
  82. Awane M, Andres PG, Li DJ, Reinecker HC. NF-kappa B-inducing kinase is a common mediator of IL-17-, TNF-alpha-, and IL-1 beta-induced chemokine promoter activation in intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol. 1999;162:5337–5344
  83. Andoh A, Takaya H, Makino J, Sato H, Bamba S, Araki Y, et al. Cooperation of interleukin-17 and interferon-gamma on chemokine secretion in human fetal intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;125:56–63
  84. Jovanovic DV, Di Battista JA, Martel-Pelletier J, Jolicoeur FC, He Y, Zhang M, et al. IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-beta and TNF-alpha, by human macrophages. J Immunol. 1998;160:3513–3521
  85. Jovanovic DV, Martel-Pelletier J, Di Battista JA, Mineau F, Jolicoeur FC, Benderdour M, et al. Stimulation of 92-kd gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 9) production by interleukin-17 in human monocyte/macrophages: a possible role in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1134–1144
  86. McNamara PS, Flanagan BF, Baldwin LM, Newland P, Hart CA, Smyth RL. Interleukin 9 production in the lungs of infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Lancet. 2004;363:1031–1037
  87. Panzner P, Lafitte JJ, Tsicopoulos A, Hamid Q, Tulic MK. Marked up-regulation of T lymphocytes and expression of interleukin-9 in bronchial biopsies from patients with chronic bronchitis with obstruction. Chest. 2003;124:1909–1915
  88. Kalomenidis I, Guo Y, Peebles RS, Lane KB, Papiris S, Elias J, et al. Pneumothorax-associated pleural eosinophilia in mice is interleukin-5 but not interleukin-13 dependent. Chest. 2005;128:2978–2983
  89. Park SW, Jangm HK, An MH, Min JW, Jang AS, Lee JH, et al. Interleukin-13 and interleukin-5 in induced sputum of eosinophilic bronchitis: comparison with asthma. Chest. 2005;128:1921–1927
  90. Boutten A, Bonay M, Laribe S, Leseche G, Castier Y, Lecon-Malas V, et al. Decreased expression of interleukin 13 in human lung emphysema. Thorax. 2004;59:850–854
  91. Chung HK, Young HA, Goon PK, Heidecker G, Princler GL, Shimozato O, et al. Activation of interleukin-13 expression in T cells from HTLV-1-infected individuals and in chronically infected cell lines. Blood. 2003;102:4130–4136
  92. Hauber HP, Gholami D, Meyer A, Pforte A. Increased interleukin-13 expression in patients with sarcoidosis. Thorax. 2003;58:519–524
  93. Simon D, Borelli S, Braathen LR, Simon HU. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from IgE- and non-IgE-associated allergic atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) demonstrate increased capacity of generating interleukin-13 but differ in their potential of synthesizing interferon-gamma. Allergy. 2002;57:431–435
  94. Scott JT, Turner C, Mutapi F, Woolhouse ME, Chandiwana SK, Mduluza T, et al. Dissociation of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 production following treatment for Schistosoma haematobium infection in humans. Parasite Immunol. 2000;22:341–348
  95. Mary C, Auriault V, Faugere B, Dessein AJ. Control of Leishmania infantum infection is associated with CD8(+) and gamma interferon- and interleukin-5-producing CD4(+) antigen-specific T cells. Infect Immun. 1999;67:5559–5566
  96. Krug N, Jung T, Napp U, Wagner K, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Heusser C, et al. Frequencies of T cells expressing interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 in atopic asthmatic children: comparison with atopic asthmatic adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:754–759
  97. Gudmundsson KO, Sigurjonsson OE, Gudmundsson S, Goldblatt D, Weemaes CM, Haraldsson A. Increased expression of interleukin-13 but not interleukin-4 in CD4+ cells from patients with the hyper-IgE syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;128:532–537
  98. Kiene M, Csernok E, Muller A, Metzler C, Trabandt A, Gross WL. Elevated interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 production by T cell lines from patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:469–473
  99. Prieto J, Lensmar C, Roquet A, van der Ploeg I, Gigliotti D, Eklund A, et al. Increased interleukin-13 mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells of atopic patients with mild asthma after repeated low-dose allergen provocations. Respir Med. 2000;94:806–814
  100. Kotsimbos TC, Ernst P, Hamid QA. Interleukin-13 and interleukin-4 are coexpressed in atopic asthma. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1996;108:368–373
  101. Ramb-Lindhauer C, Feldmann A, Rotte M, Neumann C. Characterization of grass pollen reactive T-cell lines derived from lesional atopic skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1991;283:71–76
  102. Sigurdsson V, Toonstra J, Bihari IC, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, van Vloten WA, Thepen T. Interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma expression of the dermal infiltrate in patients with erythroderma and mycosis fungoides: an immuno-histochemical study. J Cutan Pathol. 2000;27:429–435
  103. Stein ML, Collins MH, Villanueva JM, Kushner JP, Putnam PE, Buckmeier BK, et al. Anti–IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:1312–1319

 Supported by Swiss National Science Foundation grants 310000-112329, 3200B0-105865, 32600-113165, and 32000-112306; the Bonizzi-Theler Foundation Zurich; the Swiss Life Foundation Zurich; and the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network.Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.

PII: S0091-6749(07)01263-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.039

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 120, Issue 2 , Pages 247-254 , August 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution