The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 117, Issue 6 , Pages 1374-1381 , June 2006

Which aspects of the farming lifestyle explain the inverse association with childhood allergy?

  • Michael R. Perkin, MSc

      Affiliations

    • From the Divisions of Clinical Developmental Sciences
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Michael R. Perkin, MSc, Division of Clinical Developmental Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom.
    • ,
  • David P. Strachan, MD

      Affiliations

    • Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London

Received 12 October 2005 ,Revised 8 March 2006 ,Accepted 10 March 2006.

References 

  1. Braun-Fahrländer Ch, Gassner M, Sennhauser FH, Wüthrich B the SCARPOL Team. Lower risk of allergic sensitization and hay fever in farmers' children in Switzerland. Epidemiology. 1996;7(suppl):S47
  2. Braun-Fahrländer Ch, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS, et al. Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer's children and their peers living in the same rural community. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:28–34
  3. von Ehrenstein OS, von Mutius E, Illi S, Baumann L, Bohm O, von Kries R. Reduced risk of hay fever and asthma among children of farmers. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:187–193
  4. Riedler J, Eder W, Oberfeld G, Schreuer M. Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:194–200
  5. Riedler J, Braun-Fahrländer C, Eder W, Schreuer M, Waser M, Maisch S, et al. Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet. 2001;358:1129–1133
  6. Braun-Fahrländer C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, Waser M, Grize L, et al. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:869–877
  7. Downs SH, Marks GB, Mitakakis TZ, Leuppi JD, Car NG, Peat JK. Having lived on a farm and protection against allergic diseases in Australia. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:570–575
  8. Kilpeläinen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:201–208
  9. Remes ST, Pekkanen J, Soininen L, Kajosaari M, Husman T, Koivikko A. Does heredity modify the association between farming and allergy in children?. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91:1163–1169
  10. Remes ST, Iivanainen K, Koskela H, Pekkanen J. Which factors explain the lower prevalence of atopy amongst farmers' children?. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:427–434
  11. Ernst P, Cormier Y. Relative scarcity of asthma and atopy among rural adolescents raised on a farm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1563–1566
  12. Klintberg B, Berglund N, Lilja G, Wickman M, Hage-Hamsten M. Fewer allergic respiratory disorders among farmers' children in a closed birth cohort from Sweden. Eur Respir J. 2001;17:1151–1157
  13. Wickens K, Lane JM, Fitzharris P, Siebers R, Riley G, Douwes J, et al. Farm residence and exposures and the risk of allergic diseases in New Zealand children. Allergy. 2002;57:1171–1179
  14. Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, et al. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:483–491
  15. EAACI . Position paper: allergen standardization and skin tests. Allergy. 1993;48:49–82
  16. Cooper JF, Weary ME, Jordan FT. The impact of non-endotoxin LAL-reactive materials on Limulus amebocyte lysate analyses. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 1997;51:2–6
  17. Levin J, Bang FB. Clottable protein in Limulus; its localization and kinetics of its coagulation by endotoxin. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1968;19:186–197
  18. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 8.0. College Station (TX): Stata Corp; 2003.
  19. Chrischilles E, Ahrens R, Kuehl A, Kelly K, Thorne P, Burmeister L, et al. Asthma prevalence and morbidity among rural Iowa schoolchildren. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:66–71
  20. Suhren G, Hesselbarth H, Heeschen W, Südi JI. Evaluation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content as determined by the limulus test in milk and milk products II: raw milk and influences of technological procedures. Milchwissenschaft. 1986;41:156–160
  21. Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sutas Y, Moilanen E, Salminen S. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:1604–1610
  22. Harper CM, Cowell NA, Adams BC, Langley AJ, Wohlsen TD. Outbreak of Cryptosporidium linked to drinking unpasteurised milk. Commun Dis Intell. 2002;26:449–450
  23. Morgan D, Gunneberg C, Gunnell D, Healing TD, Lamerton S, Soltanpoor N, et al. An outbreak of Campylobacter infection associated with the consumption of unpasteurised milk at a large festival in England. Eur J Epidemiol. 1994;10:581–585
  24. Allerberger F, Wagner M, Schweiger P, Rammer HP, Resch A, Dierich MP, et al. Escherichia coli O157 infections and unpasteurised milk. Euro Surveill. 2001;6:147–151

 Supported through a Wellcome Research Training Fellowship in Clinical Epidemiology (grant no. 056906/Z/99/Z) held by Dr Perkin.Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.

PII: S0091-6749(06)00651-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.008

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 117, Issue 6 , Pages 1374-1381 , June 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution