| | Immune responses to mosquito saliva in 14 individuals with acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bitesReceived 3 June 2004; received in revised form 5 August 2004; accepted 6 August 2004. BackgroundMosquito bite–induced acute systemic allergic reactions are an increasing clinical concern and have not been optimally characterized immunologically. ObjectiveWe wanted to study the immunologic basis of these reactions. MethodsSera were received from 14 individuals with a history of acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites, defined as the presence of one or more of the following: urticaria, angioedema, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension, and decrease or loss of consciousness. Ten individuals were from the United States and one each was from Canada, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. An indirect ELISA was developed to measure specific IgE and IgG antibodies to saliva from 5 common mosquito species with different geographic distributions: Aedes aegypti, Aedes vexans, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Twenty-nine individuals with negative bite test results from laboratory-reared mosquitoes served as control subjects. ResultsMosquito saliva–specific IgE levels to all 5 species were significantly increased in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions compared with the control subjects (P < .061 for Aedes vexans and P < .008 for the remaining 4 species). By using the mean of the control subjects plus 1 SD as a cut-off level, 11 individuals had positive results to Aedes albopictus and up to 4 additional species; 3 individuals had positive results to only one species. Saliva-specific IgG levels were not significantly increased in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions compared with levels seen in the control subjects (P >.05). ConclusionAcute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites involve mosquito saliva–specific IgE and can be characterized immunologically. Aedes albopictus is the most common species associated with systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Washington, DC, Greenville, NC, and Edina, Minn For most people, mosquito bites are an itchy nuisance. The small local reactions, such as wheals, flares, and delayed pruritic papules, which occur commonly during natural sensitization and desensitization to mosquito saliva, should not be referred to as mosquito allergy.1 In some individuals, however, mosquito bites cause severe large or atypical vesicular, necrotic, or ecchymotic local allergic reactions at the bite sites2., 3., 4. or, less commonly, acute systemic allergic reactions, including urticaria, angioedema of the skin or mucous membranes (including the larynx), wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension, or decrease or loss of consciousness.5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10. There are more than 3000 mosquito species worldwide. Aedes aegypti saliva contains at least 31 proteins, the cDNA sequences of which have been deposited into the Genebank.11 However, protein visualization techniques with gel electrophoresis and silver staining have revealed only about 20 peptides in the saliva of adult Aedes aegypti.12 By using immunoblots with sera from individuals with mosquito allergy, at least 8 allergens have been found in Aedes aegypti saliva, and more than 16 allergens have been found in Aedes albopictus saliva.13., 14. Individuals with no previous exposure to a particular mosquito species are not sensitized to the salivary antigens of the mosquito species and do not have increased mosquito saliva–specific IgE or IgG levels or skin reactivity to bites from mosquitoes of this species.15., 16. In contrast, in response to exposure to mosquitoes and bites from mosquitoes, individuals with mosquito allergy have serum mosquito saliva–specific IgE, which can be identified with passive cutaneous anaphylaxis transfer tests (Prausnitz-Kustner tests)17; immunoassays, including ELISA18., 19. and RAST20; histamine release from basophils14., 17.; and immunoblot techniques.21., 22. These sensitized individuals might experience local or systemic IgE-mediated allergic reactions to mosquito saliva on re-exposure to mosquitoes. Serum mosquito saliva–specific IgE levels correlate with mosquito bite–induced immediate wheals and flares.19., 23. IgG involvement in the pathophysiology of mosquito allergy has also been reported,3., 14., 16., 23. and increases in serum mosquito saliva–specific IgG levels correlate with the size of local reactions to mosquito bites and with mosquito saliva–specific IgE levels.19., 23. T lymphocyte–mediated delayed hypersensitivity reactions to mosquito bites might also occur.19., 23. In the few case reports of systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites published to date,5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10. mosquito allergy has been investigated by using skin tests or RASTs with mosquito whole-body extracts, which contain few salivary proteins and large amounts of extraneous proteins.24 Using mosquito saliva and salivary gland extracts, we have developed sensitive and specific ELISAs to measure saliva-specific IgE and IgG antibodies.18 In the present study of 14 individuals with systemic allergic responses to mosquito bites, we analyzed these saliva-specific IgE and IgG responses to 5 common mosquito species with different geographic distributions. Methods  Serum samples Fourteen unsolicited serum samples from individuals with systemic allergic reactions to witnessed mosquito bites and accompanying written clinical descriptions of the reactions were received from physicians in the United States, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland during a 7-year period. Systemic allergic reactions were defined as one or more of the following symptoms and signs after a mosquito bite: urticaria, angioedema, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension, or decrease or loss of consciousness. Control sera were obtained from 29 individuals who lived in Manitoba, Canada, and who had a negative bite test result from disease-free, laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti mosquitoes; all these individuals had given written informed consent for participation in a previously described University of Manitoba Research Ethics Board–approved study.23 Mosquito salivary preparations Saliva extracts from Aedes aegypti and Aedes vexans and salivary gland extracts from Culex quinquefasciatus were prepared in our laboratory.13 Salivary gland extracts from Aedes albopictus and Anopheles sinensis were provided by Shanghai Medical University (Dr Sulan Liu in the Department of Medical Parasitology). The geographic distribution of the 5 species studied is shown in Table I. | | |  | Mosquito species | Geographic distribution | |
|---|
| Aedes aegypti | Worldwide cosmotropical, Middle East, Africa, and South America | | | Aedes albopictus | North America, South America, Australia, and throughout the Orient | | | Aedes vexans | North America, Eurasia, and Africa | | | Anopheles sinensis | Throughout Eastern Asia, Japan, China, Indochina, Thailand, Siberia, and India | | | Culex quinquefasciatus | Cosmotropical: Europe, Africa, southern United States, Asia, and South America | | | | |
Briefly, mosquito saliva was collected by placing female mosquitoes in water-filled test tubes, shaking gently to temporarily immobilize them, and then confining them to the wall of a plastic box by placing Vaseline on the legs and wings. Proboscises were inserted into capillary tubes filled with 20 μL of water, and salivation was induced by applying 0.5% malathion in acetone (vol/vol) to the thoraces. One hour later, the contents of the capillary tubes were collected, pooled, and lyophilized. The saliva was reconstituted by dissolving the lyophilized proteins in 0.02 mol/L PBS (pH 7.2) before use. Salivary gland extracts were prepared by dissecting the heads and thoraces from mosquitoes using a binocular microscope and immediately transferring them to PBS on ice, after which they underwent ultrasound for 30 seconds and were centrifuged at 8820g for 15 minutes. The supernatant was stored at −70°C. The protein concentrations of these saliva and salivary gland preparations ranged between 0.07 and 0.40 mg/mL. ELISAs Indirect ELISAs18 were used to determine the concentrations of mosquito saliva–specific IgE and IgG antibodies in the sera from patients and control subjects. By using a reference serum obtained by mixing sera from individuals with mosquito allergy and increased saliva-specific IgE and IgG levels, ELISA results among assays were standardized. After choosing optimal conditions by using checkerboard titration, microtiter plates were coated with mosquito salivary preparations (about 0.05 μg per well) overnight. Nonspecific binding was blocked with PBS–Tween 20 containing 1% BSA (Sigma Aldrich Canada, Ltd, Oakville, Ontario, Canada). Coated and blocked plates were then incubated with sera from subjects with mosquito allergy (1:20 dilution for the IgE assay and 1:80 dilution for the IgG assay). After IgE or IgG binding, the plates were treated with goat anti-human IgE (1:2,000, a gift from Dr N.F. Adkinson, Johns Hopkins University) or anti-human IgG (1:5,000, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc, West Grove, Pa), followed by incubation with alkaline phosphatase–conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG (1:5,000, Jackson ImmunoResearch). Finally, the plates were incubated with the substrate, and absorbencies were read at 410 nm. All serum samples were assayed in duplicate. Data analysis Analysis of data was performed with SAS software (SAS Institute, Carey, NC). For group comparisons, pooled equal variance t tests were used, and χ2 tests were used to compare the positive percentages between groups. Results Clinical data The acute systemic allergic reactions occurred in children and young adults after one (individuals 3 and 14) or more mosquito bites. The reactions had a rapid onset (minutes) and a rapid resolution (hours). Symptoms involved urticaria or angioedema alone in 3 of the individuals (individuals 2, 3, and 9) and one or more of the following additional symptoms and signs in 11 individuals: dyspnea, wheezing, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, or decrease or loss of consciousness (Table II). Some individuals (nos. 1, 4, 5, and 11) had more than 1 systemic reaction to mosquito bites. | | | | Individual no. | Age (y) | Sex | Systemic symptoms-signs | Country | Visitor–new arrival | |
|---|
| 1 | 12 | F | Urticaria, wheezing | US (MN) | No | | | 2 | 7 | M | Angioedema, urticaria | US (MN) | No | | | 3 | 3 | F | Angioedema | US (VA) | No | | | 4 | 14 | F | Anaphylactic reactions | US (NC) | No | | | 5 | 5 | M | Urticaria, angioedema, nausea, vomiting | US (NC)/Syria | Yes | | | 6 | 22 | M | Edema, dyspnea, loss of consciousness | US (NY) | Yes | | | 7 | 23 | M | Urticaria, dyspnea | US (NY) | Yes | | | 8 | >18 | M | Angioedema, wheezing | US | No | | | 9 | >18 | M | Angioedema, urticaria | US | No | | | 10 | >18 | M | Urticaria, angioedema, respiratory or presyncopal-type symptoms | Canada (ON) | No | | | 12 | 32 | F | Urticaria, hypotension (blood pressure 80/50) | Germany | No | | | 13 | 21 | F | Angioedema, loss of consciousness | Switzerland | No | | | 14 | >18 | M | Angioedema, decreased consciousness | Japan | Yes | | | | |
Here are 3 examples of patients: After 2 mosquito bites, individual 12 experienced urticaria and angioedema within 15 minutes and collapsed, with a blood pressure of 80/50 mm Hg 1 hour later. Within 5 minutes after one mosquito bite on the upper lip, individual 14 had significant swelling at the bite site and on the face and quickly became very dizzy and nearly lost consciousness. Individual 2 experienced diffuse pruritus and lip swelling, feeling that his throat was closing within 5 to 10 minutes after 4 to 5 mosquito bites. Individual 13 experienced local swelling, nausea, and unconsciousness within 10 to 20 minutes after mosquito bites. Saliva-specific IgE and IgG levels to 5 mosquito species The geometric mean levels of saliva-specific IgE to all 5 mosquito species were significantly higher in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions than in the control subjects when compared by using the Student t test (P < .061 for Aedes vexans and P < .008 for the remaining 4 species, Fig 1). The mean levels of saliva-specific IgG were also higher in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions than in the control subjects; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P>.05). In addition, IgE levels in individuals with systemic allergic reactions and control subjects were compared by using the χ2 test, with the geometric mean plus 1 SD or 2 SDs of the control subjects as a positive cut-off level (Table III and Fig 2). The mean plus 1 SD of the negative control subjects was chosen because it provided the clearest differentiation between the 2 groups; results were similar to those found with the t test. The positive percentages of IgE were significantly higher in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions than in the control subjects (P < .0073, except for Aedes vexans [P=.097]; Fig 2). In contrast, the individuals with systemic allergic reactions were not more likely to have positive IgG levels (P>.129), except for IgG to Culex quinquefasciatus (P=.0174). | | | | | Aedes aegypti (IgE/IgG) | Aedes vexans (IgE/IgG) | Aedes albopictus (IgE/IgG) | Anopheles sinensis (IgE/IgG) | Culex quinquefasciatus (IgE/IgG) | |
|---|
| Participant no. | Mean+1 SD | Mean+2 SD | Mean+1 SD | Mean+2 SD | Mean+1 SD | Mean+2 SD | Mean+1 SD | Mean+2 SD | Mean+1 SD | Mean+2 SD | |
|---|
| 1 | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ | +/− | +/+ | −/+ | | | 2 | −/− | −/− | +/+ | +/− | +/+ | +/− | −/− | −/− | −/+ | −/− | | | 3 | +/− | +/− | +/+ | +/− | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ | +/− | −/− | −/− | | | 4 | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | +/+ | −/− | | | 5 | +/+ | +/− | −/− | −/− | +/− | +/− | +/− | +/− | +/+ | +/+ | | | 6 | +/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | −/+ | −/− | | | 7 | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | +/+ | +/− | +/+ | −/− | +/− | −/− | | | 8 | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | +/− | +/− | | | 9 | +/+ | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | | | 10 | +/+ | −/− | −/+ | −/+ | +/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | | | 11 | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | | | 12 | +/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | +/+ | −/+ | −/+ | −/− | +/+ | −/− | | | 13 | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | +/+ | −/− | | | 14 | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | +/− | −/− | −/− | −/− | | | | |
By using the mean of the control subjects plus 1 SD as a cut-off level, 11 individuals had increased IgE levels to Aedes albopictus and up to 4 additional species (Table III). The remaining 3 individuals had increased IgE or IgG levels to only one species: Culex quinquefasciatus (individual 8 from the United States), Aedes aegypti (individual 9 from the United States), and Anopheles sinensis (individual 14 from Japan). Discussion Acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquitoes and other biting insects appear to be uncommon, although they are probably underdiagnosed and underreported. Here we describe the immune responses to mosquito saliva in 14 individuals with a clear history of such reactions. Both the mean level and the percentage of positivity for mosquito saliva–specific IgE were significantly higher in these individuals than in the control subjects. The mean level and the percentage of positivity for mosquito saliva–specific IgG were not significantly increased in the individuals with systemic allergic reactions. In contrast, individuals with only local reactions to mosquito bites have significant increases of both saliva-specific IgE and IgG levels; in addition, the levels correlate with each other and with skin reaction size.3., 16., 23. Some control sera from individuals with a negative mosquito bite test result contained measurable mosquito saliva–specific IgE, perhaps attributable to the cross-reactivity of mosquito salivary allergens with allergens from other biting insects and from crustaceans.25., 26., 27., 28. Moreover, there are rare reports of cross-reactivity with allergens in Hymenoptera venom.29 In addition, because the control subjects were defined on the basis of their negative bite test results to Aedes aegypti, the possibility exists that they might have had positive bite test results from other mosquito species if such tests had been performed. On the other hand, some allergic individuals did not have an increased IgE titer to some of the mosquito species studied. This might be due to the time elapsed between the mosquito bite–induced systemic reactions and the collection of blood samples because saliva-specific IgE and IgG levels decrease over time. In one of our previous studies, the levels of mosquito saliva–specific IgE and IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses decreased significantly after the summer season.3 For example, in individual 14, who had a positive IgE titer to only one mosquito species at the cut-off level of mean plus 1 SD, the blood sample was collected 3 months after the onset of the systemic reaction. This study provides confirmation of the existence of species-specific and species-shared allergens in mosquito saliva, as previously reported.13., 14., 30., 31. The existence of species-specific allergens was indirectly confirmed in 3 individuals whose sera only reacted to mosquito saliva from one species. The existence of shared allergens in mosquito saliva was confirmed in the 8 individuals who had positive results to Anopheles sinensis, only 1 of whom had lived in the Orient, because Anopheles sinensis is found only in the Orient. Aedes albopictus was shown to have the most common species-shared allergens because 11 of the 14 individuals with systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites had a positive IgE level to saliva from Aedes albopictus, which contains at least 16 allergens, the highest number in any of the 10 mosquito species studied to date.21 Mosquito salivary glands and mosquito saliva are technically difficult and time consuming to obtain. Commercially available mosquito whole-body extracts contain many extraneous proteins that are not present in mosquito saliva and are not useful in diagnostic skin tests or in vitro tests in individuals with a history of allergic reactions to mosquito bites.24., 32. One example of this is the UniCAP test, which uses mosquito whole-body extract as the capture antigen and is not as sensitive and specific (more likely to result in false-negative and false-positive results) than the ELISAs used in the present study, in which mosquito salivary extracts were used.32 In a recent study positivity was 44% for the ELISA and 25% for the UniCAP in the individuals with mosquito allergy, and 0% for the ELISA and 3% for the UniCAP in the negative control subjects.32 It is noteworthy that individuals 7 and 12 in the present study, who had negative skin test results with a mosquito whole-body extract, had positive mosquito saliva–specific IgE antibodies when measured with our ELISAs. Lack of a widely available, sensitive, specific, and safe test for determination of sensitization to mosquito saliva remains a major obstacle to accurate diagnosis of mosquito allergy and to investigation of the underlying immunologic mechanisms. Molecular cloning of mosquito saliva proteins has provided a powerful research tool to produce pure mosquito salivary allergens on a large scale for the diagnosis and treatment of mosquito allergy with standardized, effective, and safe allergens.14 Currently, 4 recombinant Aedes aegypti salivary allergens (rAed a 1, rAed a 2, rAed a 3, and rAed a 4) have been expressed and identified.33., 34., 35., 36., 37. Immunoassays with these recombinant allergens are being developed.38 In summary, we describe the humoral immune response to mosquito saliva allergens in individuals with acute systemic allergic reactions studied by using sensitive and specific immunoassays. Mosquito saliva–specific IgE, but not IgG, was found to be important in systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites, and both species-specific and species-shared allergens were identified in individuals with systemic allergic reactions. In the future, recombinant mosquito salivary allergens will be useful for confirming the diagnosis of mosquito allergy and for specific immunotherapy in persons with severe systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites. We thank following physicians, who allowed us to study their patients' sera: Drs A-M Irani, M. Anliker, J. Merkle, and D. W. Moote. References 1.. 1.Simons FER, Peng Z. Mosquito allergy. In: Levine MI, Lockey RF editor. Milwaukee (WI): American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology monograph on insect allergy; 2003;p. 175–203. 2.. 2.Benaim-Pinto C, Fassrainer A. Intradermal immunotherapy in children with severe skin inflammatory reactions to Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito bites. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29:600–601. MEDLINE |
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18.. 18.Peng Z, Yang M, Simons FER. Measurement of mosquito Aedes vexans salivary gland-specific IgE and IgG antibodies and the distribution of these antibodies in human sera. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995;74:259–264. MEDLINE 19.. 19.Oka K. Correlation of Aedes albopictus bite reaction with IgE antibody assay and lymphocyte transformation test to mosquito salivary antigens. J Dermatol. 1989;16:341–347. MEDLINE 20.. 20.Suzuki S, Negishi K, Tomizawa S, Shibasaki M, Kuroume T. A case of mosquito allergy. Immunological studies. Acta Allergol. 1976;31:428–441. MEDLINE 21.. 21.Peng Z, Li H, Simons FER. Immunoblot analysis of salivary allergens in 10 mosquito species with worldwide distributions and the IgE responses to these allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:498–505. Abstract | Full Text |
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22.. 22.Shen HD, Chen CC, Chang HN, Chang LY, Tu WC, Han SH. Human IgE and IgG antibodies to mosquito proteins detected by the immunoblot technique. Ann Allergy. 1989;63:143–146. MEDLINE 23.. 23.Peng Z, Yang M, Simons FER. Immunologic mechanisms in mosquito allergy: correlation of skin reactions with specific IgE and IgG antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation response to mosquito antigens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996;77:238–244. MEDLINE 24.. 24.Peng Z, Simons FER. Comparison of proteins, IgE, and IgG binding antigens, and skin reactivity in commercial and laboratory-made mosquito extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996;77:371–376. MEDLINE 25.. 25.Panzani RC, Ariano R. Arthropods and invertebrates allergy (with the exclusion of mites): the concept of panallergy. Allergy. 2001;56(suppl 69):1–22. 26.. 26.Baldo BA, Panzani RC. Detection of IgE antibodies to a wide range of insect species in subjects with suspected inhalant allergies to insects. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988;85:278–287. MEDLINE 27.. 27.Eriksson NE, Ryden B, Jonsson P. Hypersensitivity to larvae of chironomids (non-biting midges). Cross-sensitization with crustaceans. Allergy. 1989;44:305–313. 28.. 28.Galindo PA, Lombardero M, Mur P, Feo F, Gomez E, Borja J, et al. Patterns of immunoglobulin E sensitization to chironomids in exposed and unexposed subjects. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1999;9:117–122. MEDLINE 29.. 29.Sabbah A, Hassoun S, Drouet M, Lauret MG, Doucet M. [The wasp/mosquito syndrome]. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1999;31:175–184. MEDLINE 30.. 30.Peng Z, Li H, Simons FER. Immunoblot analysis of IgE and IgG binding antigens in extracts of mosquitos Aedes vexans, Culex tarsalis and Culiseta inornata. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996;110:46–51. MEDLINE |
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33.. 33.Peng Z, Lam H, Xu W, Cheng L, Chen YL, Simons FER. Characterization and clinical relevance of two recombinant mosquito Aedes aegypti salivary allergens, rAed a 1 and rAed a 2. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(suppl):S32. 34.. 34.Simons FER, Peng Z. Mosquito allergy: recombinant mosquito salivary allergens for new diagnostic tests. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;124:403–405. MEDLINE |
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37.. 37.Li C, Beckett AN, James AA, Simons FER, Arthur G, Peng Z. Diagnosis of mosquito allergy: role of a new 67 kDa recombinant Aedes aegypti salivary allergen rAed a 4. Allergy Clin Immunol Int: J World Allergy Org. 2003;(suppl 1):195. 38.. 38.Beckett AN, Sun W, Simons FER, Ma Y, Peng Z. Role of recombinant mosquito salivary allergens in the diagnosis of individuals with allergic reactions to mosquito bites. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(suppl):S74. Abstract |
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a From the Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg b Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville d Southdale Pediatric Associates, Ld, Edina  Reprint requests: Zhikang Peng, MD, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, 532-715 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P4.
Supported by the Children's Hospital Foundation of Manitoba, Inc, and the Paul H. T. Thorlakson Research Fund for Andrew Beckett's BSc medicine studentship. PII: S0091-6749(04)02218-3 doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.014 © 2004 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | |
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