The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 111, Issue 1 , Pages 45-50 , January 2003

Responses to bronchial challenge submitted for approval to use inhaled β2-agonists before an event at the 2002 winter olympics

Received 25 July 2002 ,Revised 8 September 2002 ,Accepted 16 September 2002.

References 

  1. 1999 Mims Annual: Australian ed. Sydney: MediMedia Australia Pty Ltd; 1999;
  2. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood ISAAC Steering Committee . Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: Isaac. Lancet. 1998;351:1225–1232
  3. Janson C, Anto J, Burney P, et al.  The European Community Respiratory Health Survey: what are the main results so far?. Eur Respir J. 2001;18:598–611
  4. Weiler J, Layton T, Hunt M. Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 Summer Games. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:722–726
  5. Weiler JM, Metzger J, Donnelly AL, Crowley ET, Sharath MD. Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in highly trained athletes. Chest. 1986;90:23–28
  6. Voy RO. The U.S. Olympic Committee experience with exercise-induced bronchospasm, 1984. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18:328–330
  7. Larsson K, Ohlsén P, Malmberg P, Rydström P-O, Ulriksen H. High prevalence of asthma in cross country skiers. BMJ. 1993;307:1326–1329
  8. Rundell KW, Im J, Mayers LB, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Schmitz HR. Self-reported symptoms and exercise-induced asthma in the elite athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:208–213
  9. Holzer K, Anderson SD, Douglass J. Exercise in elite summer athletes:challenges for diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:374–380
  10. Sue-Chu M, Karjalainen E-M, Altraja A, et al.  Lymphoid aggregates in endobronchial biopsies from young elite cross-country skiers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:597–601
  11. Sue-Chu M, Larsson L, Moen T, Rennard SI, Bjermer L. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage findings in cross-country skiers with and without “ski asthma”. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:626–632
  12. Sue-Chu M, Henriksen AH, Bjermer L. Non-invasive evaluation of lower airway inflammation in hyperresponsive elite cross country skiers and asthmatics. Respir Med. 1999;93:719–725
  13. Sandsund M, Sue-Chu M, Helgerud J, Reinertsen RE, Bjermer L. Effect of cold exposure (−15 degrees C) and salbutamol treatment on physical performance in elite nonasthmatic cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;77:297–304
  14. McKenzie DC, Stewart IB. Asthma medications as ergogenic aids. In:  Wilbur R,  Lemanske R,  Rundell K editor. Asthma and exercise. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 2002;p. 237–256
  15. Stewart IB, Labreche JM, McKenzie DC. Acute formoterol administration has no ergogenic effect in nonasthmatic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:213–217
  16. Martineau L, Horan MA, Rothwell NJ, Little RA. Salbutamol, a beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, increases skeletal muscle strength in young men. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992;83:615–621
  17. Collomp K, Candau R, Lasne F, Labsy Z, Prefaut C, De Ceaurriz J. Effects of short-term oral salbutamol administration on exercise endurance and metabolism. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89:430–436
  18. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, et al.  Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing—1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:309–329
  19. Sterk PJ, Fabbri LM, Quanjer PH, et al.  Airway responsiveness: Stand-ardized challenge testing with pharmacological, physical and sensitizing stimuli in adults. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(suppl 16):53–83
  20. Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(suppl 16):5–40
  21. Rundell KW, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Mayers LB, Im J. Exercise-induced asthma screening of elite athletes: field vs laboratory exercise challenge. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:309–316
  22. Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Farber MO. A comparison of two challenge tests for identifying exercise-induced bronchospasm in figure skaters. Chest. 1999;115:649–653
  23. Anderson SD, Lambert S, Brannan JD, et al.  Laboratory protocol for exercise asthma to evaluate salbutamol given by two devices. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:893–900
  24. Argyros GJ, Roach JM, Hurwitz KM, Eliasson AH, Phillips YY. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation as a bronchoprovocation technique. Development of a standardized dosing schedule in asthmatics. Chest. 1996;109:1520–1524
  25. Hurwitz KM, Argyros GJ, Roach JM, Eliasson AH, Phillips YY. Interpretation of eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation in the diagnosis of asthma. Chest. 1995;108:1240–1245
  26. Anderson SD, Argyros GJ, Magnussen H, Holzer K. Provocation by eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea to identify exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:344–347
  27. Anderson SD. Exercise-induced asthma. In:  Kay AB editors. Allergy and allergic diseases. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1997;p. 692–711
  28. Eliasson AH, Phillips YY, Rajagopal KR. Sensitivity and specificity of bronchial provocation testing. An evaluation of four techniques in exercise-induced bronchospasm. Chest. 1992;102:347–355
  29. Roach JM, Hurwitz KM, Argyros GJ, Eliasson AH, Phillips YY. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation as a bronchoprovocation technique. Comparison with methacholine inhalation in asthmatics. Chest. 1994;105:667–672
  30. Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991;
  31. Salome CM, Schoeffel RE, Woolcock AJ. Comparison of bronchial reactivity to histamine and methacholine in asthmatics. Clin Allergy. 1980;10:541–546
  32. Woolcock AJ. Expression of results of airway hyperresponsiveness. In:  Hargreave FE,  Woolcock AJ editor. Airway responsiveness. Measurement and interpretation. Mont Ste Marie, Quebec: Astra Pharmaceuticals Canada Ltd; 1983;p. 80–85
  33. Chinn S, Burney P, Jarvis D, Luczynska C. Variation in bronchial responsiveness in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Eur Respir J. 1997;10:2495–2501
  34. Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY, Berscheid BA, Gore BP. Sensitivity and specificity of histamine PC20 determination in a random selection of young college students. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;89:23–30
  35. Sont JK, Willems LN, Bel EH, van Krieken JH, Vandenbroucke JP, Sterk PJ. Clinical control and histopathologic outcome of asthma when using airway hyperresponsiveness as an additional guide to long-term treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1043–1051
  36. Reddel HK, Jenkins CR, Marks GB, et al.  Optimal asthma control, starting with high doses of inhaled budesonide. Eur Respir J. 2000;16:226–235
  37. Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Koskela H, Chew N. Responsiveness to mannitol in asthmatic subjects with exercise and hyperventilation-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1120–1126
  38. Sue-Chu M, Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Chew N, Bjermer L. Airway responsiveness to methacholine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), mannitol, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea and sport specific field exercise challenge in cross country ski athletes. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(supplement 38):410S
  39. Haby MM, Peat JK, Mellis CM, Anderson SD, Woolcock AJ. An exercise challenge for epidemiological studies of childhood asthma: validity and repeatability. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:729–736
  40. Backer V, Dirksen A, Bach-Mortensen N, Hansen K, Laursen EM, Wendelboe D. The distribution of bronchial responsiveness to histamine and exercise in 527 children and adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;88:68–76
  41. Brightling CE, Bradding P, Symon FA, Holgate ST, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. Mast-cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1699–1705
  42. Sears MR, Jones DT, Holdaway MD, et al.  Prevalence of bronchial reactivity to inhaled methacholine in New Zealand children. Thorax. 1986;41:283–289
  43. Woolcock AJ, Peat JK, Salome CM, et al.  Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in a rural adult population. Thorax. 1987;42:361–368
  44. Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Ramsdale EH, O'Byrne PM, Hargreave F. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids on airway hyperresponsiveness and clinical asthma in non-steroid dependent asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;142:832–836
  45. Waalkans HJ, van Essen-Zandvliet EEM, Gerritsen J, et al.  The effect of an inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) on exercise-induced asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 1993;6:652–656
  46. Wilber RL, Rundell L, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Im J, Drake SD. Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic Winter Sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:732–737

 Supported by the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee.

☆☆ Reprint requests: Sandra Anderson, PhD, DSc, Department of Respiratory Medicine, E11S, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia.

PII: S0091-6749(02)91524-1

doi: 10.1067/mai.2003.1

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume 111, Issue 1 , Pages 45-50 , January 2003